Forging tongs is a fundamental skill for any aspiring blacksmith. These essential tools allow you to safely and effectively manipulate hot metal, making them indispensable for a wide range of blacksmithing projects. While the process might seem daunting initially, with the right guidance and practice, you can forge your own set of tongs that are both functional and tailored to your specific needs. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the steps involved in forging tongs, focusing on techniques suitable for beginners.
Understanding Tongs and Their Importance
Tongs are hand-held tools used to grip and manipulate hot metal during the forging process. They come in various shapes and sizes, each designed for specific purposes. The design of the tongs dictates their gripping power, versatility, and suitability for different types of metal stock.
Why are tongs so important? The answer is simple: safety and efficiency. Holding hot metal with your bare hands is obviously not an option. Tongs provide a safe distance from the heat, preventing burns and allowing you to focus on the forging process. Furthermore, tongs provide a secure grip, enabling precise movements and controlled manipulation of the metal as you shape it.
Choosing the Right Tongs for Your Project
Before you start forging, it’s crucial to consider the type of tongs you’ll need. Different projects require different tongs. For beginners, a simple pair of bolt jaw tongs or flat jaw tongs are a great starting point. These are versatile enough to handle a variety of tasks and relatively straightforward to forge.
Bolt jaw tongs are designed for gripping round or square stock, while flat jaw tongs are ideal for gripping flat stock. Think about the projects you envision undertaking and select tongs that will best suit those needs. As you gain experience, you can expand your collection to include specialized tongs for more complex tasks.
Essential Tools and Materials for Forging Tongs
To forge tongs, you’ll need a few essential tools and materials. Here’s a list of what you’ll need to get started:
- Forge: The heart of any blacksmithing operation, a forge is used to heat the metal to forging temperature. Propane forges are a convenient option for beginners.
- Anvil: A solid surface on which to shape the hot metal.
- Hammer: A blacksmith’s hammer, typically a cross-peen or straight-peen hammer, is used to strike and shape the metal.
- Tongs (for holding the stock while forging your tongs!): You will need a pair of tongs to hold the metal while you are forging your new set of tongs.
- Hardy tools: A hardy tool is a tool with a square shank that fits into the hardy hole of the anvil. A hot cut hardy is essential for cutting the tong blank, and a bending fork hardy can be helpful for shaping the reins.
- Punch: A punch is used to create holes in the metal.
- Drift: A drift is used to enlarge and shape holes after they have been punched.
- Quenching bucket: A bucket of water for cooling the hot metal.
- Safety gear: This includes safety glasses, a leather apron, gloves, and sturdy boots.
For materials, you’ll need a suitable piece of steel. 1045 steel is a good choice for tongs, as it is strong and durable. The size of the steel stock will depend on the size of tongs you want to make, but typically, a piece of 1/2″ or 5/8″ round or square stock is a good starting point.
Step-by-Step Guide to Forging Tongs
This section will provide a detailed, step-by-step guide to forging a simple pair of flat jaw tongs. Remember to prioritize safety throughout the entire process.
Preparing the Steel Stock
The first step is to prepare the steel stock. Begin by cutting the steel into two equal lengths using a hot cut hardy or an angle grinder. The length will depend on the desired size of your tongs. A good starting point is around 12-14 inches for each piece.
Clean the steel to remove any rust or scale. This will make it easier to see the metal as you work and help prevent impurities from being worked into the steel.
Drawing Out the Reins
The reins are the handles of the tongs. To draw out the reins, heat the end of each piece of steel to a forging temperature (a bright orange color). Place the hot steel on the anvil and use your hammer to draw out the steel, lengthening and tapering it. Use consistent hammer blows and rotate the steel regularly to ensure an even taper. The goal is to create a comfortable handle that fits well in your hand. Remember to focus on creating a gentle taper, as a sharp taper can weaken the reins.
Forming the Bosses
The bosses are the thickened areas where the jaws and reins connect. Heat the area where the jaws and reins will meet to a forging temperature. Use your hammer to upset the steel, which means to thicken it by hammering on the end. This will create the necessary material for forming the bosses. Use a rounding hammer to shape the bosses. The bosses should be roughly round and slightly larger than the reins.
Punching the Rein Holes
The holes for the rivet are vital for connecting the two halves of the tongs. Heat the bosses to a forging temperature. Use a punch to create a hole in the center of each boss. Start with a small punch and gradually increase the size of the hole. After punching the hole, use a drift to enlarge and shape it. The hole should be slightly larger than the rivet you will be using to assemble the tongs. Ensure the holes align properly on both halves of the tongs.
Forging the Jaws
Now comes the most crucial part – forging the jaws. Reheat the end of each piece of steel to a forging temperature. Use your hammer and anvil to shape the jaws according to your desired design. For flat jaw tongs, simply flatten the end of each piece of steel, ensuring that the jaws are parallel and aligned. Pay attention to the shape and size of the jaws to ensure they can securely grip the metal you intend to work with. Consider the types of stock you intend to hold and shape the jaws accordingly.
Shaping the Jaws
The shaping of the jaws is crucial for effective grip. Ensure that the jaws are properly aligned and that they close evenly. Use your hammer and anvil to make any necessary adjustments. For flat jaw tongs, the jaws should be relatively flat and parallel. You can use a bending fork hardy to assist with shaping the jaws.
Hardening and Tempering
Hardening and tempering are heat treating processes that enhance the strength and durability of the tongs. To harden the tongs, heat them to a critical temperature (usually a bright orange color) and then quickly quench them in water. This will make the steel very hard but also brittle. To temper the tongs, reheat them to a lower temperature (typically a straw or blue color) and then allow them to air cool. This will reduce the brittleness and increase the toughness of the steel. Tempering is crucial to prevent the tongs from cracking or breaking during use.
Assembling the Tongs
Once all the parts are forged and heat-treated, it’s time to assemble the tongs. Use a rivet to connect the two halves of the tongs. The rivet should be made of mild steel and slightly longer than the thickness of the two bosses. Place the rivet through the holes in the bosses and peen over the ends to secure the tongs together. Ensure that the rivet is tight enough to hold the tongs together but loose enough to allow them to move freely.
Finishing Touches
After assembling the tongs, clean them up and remove any sharp edges or imperfections. You can use a file or grinder to smooth out the surfaces and improve the overall appearance. Apply a coat of oil or wax to protect the steel from rust. Finally, test the tongs to ensure they grip securely and operate smoothly.
Tips for Success
Forging tongs takes practice and patience. Here are a few tips to help you succeed:
- Start simple: Begin with a simple tong design, such as flat jaw tongs, and gradually move on to more complex designs as you gain experience.
- Practice your hammer control: Consistent hammer blows are essential for shaping the metal accurately. Practice your hammer control on scrap metal before working on your tongs.
- Heat the steel evenly: Uneven heating can lead to warping and cracking. Rotate the steel regularly in the forge to ensure even heating.
- Don’t be afraid to experiment: Blacksmithing is a craft that rewards experimentation. Try different techniques and designs to find what works best for you.
- Prioritize safety: Always wear safety gear and follow safe blacksmithing practices.
- Learn from experienced blacksmiths: Seek out opportunities to learn from experienced blacksmiths. They can provide valuable tips and guidance.
- Take your time: Don’t rush the process. Forging tongs is a skill that takes time to develop.
Troubleshooting Common Problems
Even with careful planning and execution, you may encounter some problems while forging tongs. Here are some common issues and how to troubleshoot them:
- Tongs don’t grip properly: This could be due to misaligned jaws, improper shaping, or insufficient hardening. Adjust the jaws as needed and ensure they are properly hardened.
- Tongs break during use: This could be due to improper hardening or tempering, or using the wrong type of steel. Ensure the tongs are properly heat-treated and made from a suitable type of steel.
- Rivets come loose: This could be due to using the wrong size rivet, improper peening, or excessive wear and tear. Use the correct size rivet and peen it securely.
Beyond the Basics: Advanced Tong Designs
Once you’ve mastered the basics of forging flat jaw and bolt jaw tongs, you can explore more advanced designs. Some popular options include:
- Scroll tongs: Designed for gripping and manipulating decorative scrolls.
- Box jaw tongs: Designed for gripping square or rectangular stock.
- Pick-up tongs: Designed for picking up small pieces of metal.
Each of these designs requires specialized techniques and tools. As you gain experience, you can experiment with different designs and customize your tongs to meet your specific needs.
Maintaining Your Tongs
Proper maintenance is essential for extending the life of your tongs. Here are a few tips for maintaining your tongs:
- Clean your tongs regularly: Remove any rust or scale with a wire brush.
- Lubricate the rivet: Apply a small amount of oil to the rivet to keep it moving freely.
- Store your tongs properly: Store your tongs in a dry place to prevent rust.
- Inspect your tongs regularly: Check for any signs of wear or damage and repair them as needed.
By following these maintenance tips, you can keep your tongs in good working condition for years to come.
Forging tongs is a rewarding skill that will serve you well in your blacksmithing journey. By following this guide and practicing regularly, you can create your own set of tongs that are both functional and a testament to your skill. Remember to prioritize safety, take your time, and enjoy the process. Happy forging!
What type of steel is best for forging tongs?
The ideal steel for forging tongs is typically a medium carbon steel like 1045 or 4140. These steels offer a good balance of hardness and toughness. Hardness is needed to grip the workpiece effectively and maintain the shape of the jaws, while toughness is crucial to resist cracking or breaking under the repeated stresses of gripping and releasing hot metal. Lower carbon steels, like mild steel (1018), are easier to forge but lack the necessary hardness for long-lasting tongs.
High carbon steels, on the other hand, can become brittle and prone to fracture if not heat treated correctly. Therefore, sticking with a medium carbon steel provides a good margin of error for beginners and offers a durable and reliable set of tongs. Remember to consider the intended use of the tongs; for heavier work, a slightly higher carbon content might be preferred, but for general purpose tongs, 1045 or 4140 are excellent choices.
What are the basic tools needed to forge tongs?
To forge tongs, you’ll need a well-equipped blacksmithing setup. This includes a forge capable of reaching forging temperatures, an anvil, a hammer (a 2-3 lb hammer is suitable for beginners), and a vise. Additionally, you’ll need some basic hand tools like tongs (yes, you’ll need a pair to hold your workpiece!), a punch, a chisel, and a hardy tool such as a hot cut hardy. Safety glasses and appropriate protective clothing (leather apron, gloves) are essential.
Beyond the core tools, other helpful items include a measuring tape or ruler, a center punch for marking metal, a wire brush for cleaning scale, and quenching tanks for heat treating. As you progress, you might also consider acquiring specialized tools like flatter tools, swages, and more specialized punches for creating specific tong jaw shapes. Proper maintenance of these tools, including sharpening and cleaning, is crucial for efficient and safe forging.
How do I create the reins (handles) of the tongs?
The reins, or handles, of the tongs are typically forged by drawing out the steel. This involves repeatedly heating the steel and hammering it to elongate and thin the section. A good technique is to use cross peen hammer to encourage the metal to spread out along the desired axis. Consistent and controlled hammering is key to achieving even reins with a comfortable grip.
Another common method is to use a power hammer or a rolling mill if you have access to one. These tools can significantly speed up the drawing out process and provide more consistent results. Regardless of the method, it’s important to regularly check the dimensions of the reins and ensure they are straight and of uniform thickness. Once the reins are drawn out, they can be shaped to fit the hand and bent to provide the desired leverage.
What is the best way to form the jaws of the tongs?
Forming the jaws of tongs is often done by upsetting, bending, and shaping the steel. Upsetting involves heating the end of the steel and hammering it back on itself to increase its thickness. This allows for the creation of thicker jaws that can grip the workpiece more securely. After upsetting, the jaws are typically bent to the desired shape using the anvil horn or specialized bending forks.
The specific shape of the jaws will depend on the type of tongs you’re making (e.g., flat jaw tongs, bolt tongs, V-bit tongs). The jaws are then shaped using various techniques like hammering over the edge of the anvil, using a swage block, or using specialized forming tools. It’s crucial to maintain consistent heat and apply even pressure during this process to avoid distortion or cracking. Precise jaw shaping is essential for ensuring the tongs grip the workpiece firmly and securely.
How do I rivet the tongs together?
Riveting is a critical step in assembling the tongs, as it joins the two halves securely. First, drill or punch holes in the reins of both tong halves at the point where they will pivot. Then, insert a rivet (usually a piece of mild steel rod) through the holes. The rivet should extend slightly beyond the reins on both sides.
Next, support the rivet head on a solid surface and use a ball-peen hammer to peen over the protruding end of the rivet. This involves carefully hammering the end of the rivet to mushroom it out and secure the two reins together. It’s important to peen evenly and gradually, rotating the tongs as you work to ensure a tight and symmetrical joint. The rivet should be tight enough to hold the tongs together firmly, but not so tight that it restricts their movement. After peening, the rivet can be filed or ground flush with the reins for a cleaner finish.
What is the proper heat treatment for tongs?
Heat treating tongs is essential for optimizing their strength and durability. After forging, the tongs should be normalized to relieve any stresses introduced during the forging process. This involves heating the tongs to a non-magnetic temperature (slightly above the critical temperature) and allowing them to air cool. Normalizing helps to refine the grain structure of the steel and improve its overall toughness.
Following normalization, the tongs can be hardened and tempered. Hardening involves heating the tongs to the hardening temperature specified for the steel type and then quenching them in water or oil. This makes the steel very hard but also brittle. Tempering involves reheating the hardened tongs to a lower temperature (typically between 400°F and 600°F) and holding them at that temperature for a period of time before allowing them to air cool. Tempering reduces the brittleness of the steel while maintaining its hardness, resulting in tongs that are strong, durable, and resistant to cracking.
How can I customize my tongs for specific purposes?
The beauty of forging your own tongs is the ability to tailor them to specific needs. Customization starts with the jaw design. Consider the shapes and sizes of the workpieces you’ll be handling. You can create specialized jaws for holding round stock, flat stock, specific sizes of bolts, or even irregular shapes. V-bit tongs are excellent for gripping a variety of materials, while flat jaw tongs offer a broad gripping surface.
Beyond the jaws, you can also customize the length and shape of the reins for better leverage and comfort. Longer reins provide more leverage for heavier work, while shorter reins can be more maneuverable for detailed tasks. Experiment with different handle shapes and grips to find what feels most comfortable and efficient for you. Finally, consider adding features like a spring to keep the jaws open or a locking mechanism for secure gripping.