Persimmons, with their vibrant color and unique flavor profile, are a delightful addition to any garden. However, a common question among aspiring persimmon growers is: do I need to plant two trees to get fruit? The answer, like many things in horticulture, is nuanced and depends heavily on the variety of persimmon you choose. Let’s delve into the fascinating world of persimmon pollination and discover the secrets to a bountiful harvest.
Understanding Persimmon Varieties: The Key to Fruit Production
The first step in understanding whether you need two trees is identifying the type of persimmon you’re interested in growing. Persimmons are generally divided into two main categories: Asian (Japanese) persimmons (Diospyros kaki) and American persimmons (Diospyros virginiana). Within these categories, there are further distinctions based on pollination requirements.
Asian (Japanese) Persimmons: Pollination Variance
Asian persimmons are often classified as either pollination-constant or pollination-variant. This classification directly impacts whether you need a second tree.
Pollination-Constant (PC) Varieties
Pollination-constant varieties, as the name suggests, produce fruit reliably regardless of pollination. The fruit will develop even without being fertilized by pollen from another tree. These varieties typically produce seedless fruit if unpollinated, though the presence of seeds doesn’t affect the taste of most PC varieties. Popular PC cultivars include ‘Fuyu’ and ‘Jiro’. These are the most popular and easiest to grow for home gardeners wanting a single tree.
Pollination-Variant (PV) Varieties
Pollination-variant varieties, on the other hand, exhibit different fruit characteristics depending on whether they are pollinated. Unpollinated PV persimmons may still produce fruit, but the fruit might be astringent (unpleasantly tart) until very soft and overripe. When pollinated, the fruit of PV varieties develops a richer, sweeter flavor and darker flesh, even when firm. Examples of PV varieties include ‘Hachiya’ and ‘Tanenashi’. For these, pollination can improve fruit quality.
American Persimmons: A Different Ballgame
American persimmons typically require cross-pollination for optimal fruit production. While some cultivars are partially self-fertile (meaning they can produce some fruit without a pollinator), the yield is generally significantly increased when a second tree of a different cultivar is present. Therefore, planting two American persimmon trees is usually recommended.
The Role of Pollination in Persimmon Fruit Development
Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the male part (stamen) of a flower to the female part (pistil). In persimmons, pollination leads to fertilization, which is essential for seed development and can influence fruit size, flavor, and texture, especially in pollination-variant types.
How Persimmons are Pollinated
Persimmons are primarily pollinated by insects, particularly bees. Wind pollination plays a minimal role. Having a healthy population of pollinators in your garden is beneficial for all fruit trees, including persimmons.
Parthenocarpy: Fruit Without Fertilization
Some persimmon varieties, particularly pollination-constant Asian persimmons, exhibit parthenocarpy, the ability to produce fruit without fertilization. This explains why these varieties can bear fruit even when planted as a single tree. The resulting fruit is usually seedless.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Persimmon Trees
Before planting a persimmon tree (or two), consider the following factors:
Climate and Hardiness
Ensure that the persimmon variety you choose is suitable for your local climate. Asian persimmons are generally less cold-hardy than American persimmons. Check the USDA plant hardiness zone map to determine the appropriate varieties for your region.
Space Requirements
Persimmon trees can grow to a considerable size, so consider the available space in your garden. Standard-sized trees can reach 30-70 feet in height, while dwarf varieties are smaller. Also consider the spread of the branches.
Soil Conditions
Persimmons prefer well-drained soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. Conduct a soil test to determine the pH and nutrient levels of your soil and amend it accordingly before planting.
Desired Fruit Characteristics
Think about the type of fruit you want to harvest. Do you prefer sweet, non-astringent fruit that can be eaten firm, or are you willing to wait until the fruit is very soft to enjoy its sweetness? This will guide your choice of variety.
Making the Decision: One Tree or Two?
Based on the information above, here’s a breakdown to help you decide whether you need two persimmon trees:
- Asian Persimmon (Pollination-Constant): One tree is sufficient for fruit production. You will get a harvest even without a pollinator. ‘Fuyu’ and ‘Jiro’ are excellent choices if you only want one tree.
- Asian Persimmon (Pollination-Variant): While one tree can produce fruit, having a pollinator will improve fruit quality (flavor, texture, and color). If you want the best possible fruit from varieties like ‘Hachiya’ or ‘Tanenashi’, consider planting a second tree.
- American Persimmon: Planting two different cultivars is highly recommended for increased fruit production. While some self-fertile varieties exist, the yield will likely be lower without a pollinator.
Maximizing Fruit Production Even with a Single Tree
Even if you only plant one persimmon tree, there are steps you can take to maximize fruit production:
Choose a Self-Fruitful Variety
If you only want to plant one tree, select a self-fruitful variety that is known to produce fruit reliably without a pollinator.
Ensure Adequate Sunlight
Persimmon trees need at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day to produce abundant fruit.
Proper Watering and Fertilization
Provide your tree with adequate water, especially during dry periods. Fertilize regularly with a balanced fertilizer to promote healthy growth and fruit production.
Protect from Pests and Diseases
Monitor your tree regularly for signs of pests or diseases and take appropriate action to prevent damage.
Attract Pollinators
Plant flowers that attract bees and other pollinators to your garden. This can benefit even self-fruitful varieties by potentially increasing fruit set and size.
In Conclusion: A Personalized Approach to Persimmon Growing
The question of whether you need two persimmon trees ultimately depends on the specific variety you choose and your desired outcome. While some varieties thrive as solitary specimens, others benefit from the presence of a pollinator. By carefully considering the factors outlined in this article, you can make an informed decision and enjoy a bountiful harvest of delicious persimmons for years to come. Doing your research before planting is key to success.
Do all persimmon trees require a pollinator to produce fruit?
Not all persimmon trees require a pollinator. It largely depends on the variety. Some varieties, specifically those labeled as parthenocarpic, are capable of producing fruit without pollination. This means that they can set fruit even without being fertilized by pollen from another tree, resulting in seedless (or nearly seedless) fruit.
However, many other persimmon varieties are not parthenocarpic and do require pollination for fruit set. These varieties will either produce no fruit at all or produce small, poor-quality fruit if they are not pollinated. Knowing the specific variety of your persimmon tree is crucial to understanding its pollination needs.
How can I tell if my persimmon tree is parthenocarpic?
The best way to determine if your persimmon tree is parthenocarpic is to research the specific variety you own. Nursery tags and online resources often provide information on whether a variety is self-fruitful (parthenocarpic) or requires a pollinator. Some common parthenocarpic varieties include ‘Fuyu’ and ‘Jiro’.
Another indicator is the presence or absence of seeds in the fruit. If your persimmon tree consistently produces fruit without any noticeable seeds, it’s highly likely that it’s a parthenocarpic variety. However, it’s always best to confirm this information by researching the specific variety to be absolutely sure.
If my persimmon tree isn’t parthenocarpic, what are my pollination options?
If your persimmon tree requires pollination, you’ll need to ensure that a compatible pollinator is nearby. The most common option is to plant a second persimmon tree of a different variety that is known to be a good pollinator for your existing tree. Research which varieties are compatible pollen donors for your specific variety.
Another option, if you don’t have space for a second tree, is to graft a branch of a pollinating variety onto your existing tree. This can provide the necessary pollen without requiring a whole new tree. You can also rely on nearby persimmon trees in your neighborhood or community, though this option relies on factors outside of your direct control.
How far away can a pollinating persimmon tree be to effectively pollinate my tree?
The effective pollination distance for persimmon trees depends on several factors, including wind conditions and the presence of pollinating insects. Generally, a pollinating persimmon tree should be within 50-100 feet of your tree to ensure reliable pollination.
While bees can aid in persimmon pollination, they aren’t typically as attracted to persimmon flowers as they are to other flowering plants. Therefore, relying solely on insect pollination for trees farther apart may not be sufficient. Wind pollination also plays a role, but its effectiveness decreases significantly with distance.
Are there male and female persimmon trees?
Some persimmon species, particularly American persimmons (Diospyros virginiana), can be dioecious, meaning they have separate male and female trees. Only female trees produce fruit, and they require pollination from a male tree. However, most cultivated Asian persimmon (Diospyros kaki) varieties are monoecious or parthenocarpic.
Monoecious trees have both male and female flowers on the same tree, allowing them to self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other trees. Parthenocarpic varieties, as previously mentioned, produce fruit without pollination. Therefore, the presence of separate male and female trees is primarily a concern with American persimmons.
How long does it take for a persimmon tree to produce fruit?
The time it takes for a persimmon tree to produce fruit depends on several factors, including the variety, tree size when planted, and growing conditions. Generally, a grafted persimmon tree can start producing fruit within 3-5 years after planting.
Seedling-grown persimmon trees typically take longer to bear fruit, often requiring 6-10 years. Providing optimal growing conditions, such as well-drained soil, adequate sunlight, and proper fertilization, can help accelerate the fruiting process. Choosing a precocious (early-bearing) variety can also shorten the wait time.
What if my persimmon tree flowers but never produces fruit?
If your persimmon tree flowers but doesn’t produce fruit, the most likely cause is a lack of pollination, assuming it’s not a parthenocarpic variety. This can occur if there are no compatible pollinating trees nearby or if weather conditions during flowering are unfavorable for pollination.
Other factors that can contribute to a lack of fruit production include nutrient deficiencies, water stress, and damage from pests or diseases. Ensure your tree is receiving proper care and consider adding a compatible pollinating tree or grafting a pollinating branch onto your existing tree to improve fruit set. Addressing underlying health issues can also encourage fruit production.