The can-can. The name alone conjures images of high-kicking dancers, frilly skirts, and the exuberant atmosphere of 19th-century Parisian nightlife. But where does this iconic name actually come from? The answer is surprisingly complex, shrouded in a mixture of historical context, linguistic evolution, and a healthy dose of speculation. Tracing the origins of the name “can-can” takes us on a fascinating journey through the social and cultural landscape of the era, revealing the dance’s evolution from a risqué pastime to a celebrated performance art.
Unraveling the Linguistic Threads: Theories Behind the Name
The etymology of “can-can” remains a subject of debate among historians and linguists. Several compelling theories have emerged, each offering a plausible explanation for the dance’s moniker. While no single theory has been definitively proven, examining these possibilities sheds light on the cultural nuances that shaped the dance and its identity.
The “Scandalous” Hypothesis: “Scandal” or “Noise” as Inspiration
One of the most popular theories links the name “can-can” to the French word “scandale,” meaning “scandal.” This connection stems from the dance’s initial reception by polite society. In its early days, the can-can was considered provocative and even shocking, particularly because of its high kicks and suggestive movements. The idea is that the dance’s scandalous nature led to its being labeled with a term that reflected the outrage it provoked.
Another related theory suggests a connection to the French word “cancan,” which can mean “gossip” or “noise.” The energetic and boisterous nature of the dance, combined with the potentially gossipy reaction it elicited, might have contributed to this association. Imagine the whispers and chatter that would have followed a particularly daring can-can performance! The sheer energy and lively atmosphere could easily be interpreted as a form of “noise.”
“Quaking Like a Duck”: Exploring the Animalistic Link
A more whimsical, yet still plausible, explanation ties the name to the French phrase “faire du cancan,” which translates to “to quack like a duck.” This theory suggests that the dancers’ movements, particularly the rapid shaking and trembling of their bodies, may have resembled the waddling and quaking motion of a duck. This is a less conventional but intriguing suggestion because it offers a sensory, descriptive origin for the name. It appeals to the visual image the dance creates and translates it into a descriptive explanation.
The Provencal Connection: “Quanh Quan” and Lively Gatherings
Some researchers propose a connection to the Provencal expression “quanh quan,” which refers to a lively, tumultuous gathering. Provence, a region in southeastern France, has a rich cultural history, and its traditions often find their way into Parisian society. The can-can, with its high energy and group participation, could have been seen as embodying the spirit of a “quanh quan,” hence the name.
The “Gan-Gan” Theory: From a Popular Dance to a Rhyming Name
A less common, but equally interesting theory, suggests that “can-can” is a corruption of the French term “gan-gan,” which was the name of a similar dance popular in the 1830s. The “gan-gan” involved lively movements and suggestive gestures, sharing similarities with the developing can-can. The name “can-can” could have emerged as a playful rhyme or adaptation of the earlier dance’s name, reflecting the evolution and reinvention of the style.
From Working-Class Salons to the Grand Stages: The Can-Can’s Evolution
Understanding the origins of the name “can-can” also requires tracing the dance’s historical development. The can-can didn’t simply appear overnight; it evolved from earlier forms of popular entertainment, gradually gaining recognition and notoriety.
The Roots of the Can-Can: The Quadrille and the Chahut
The can-can’s origins can be traced to the quadrille, a popular social dance in the early 19th century. The quadrille was a structured dance involving four couples, but it also allowed for improvisational elements. Over time, dancers began to incorporate more energetic and flamboyant movements into the quadrille, leading to the emergence of the “chahut,” a more chaotic and exuberant version of the dance. The chahut is widely considered a direct precursor to the can-can, featuring high kicks, leaps, and suggestive gestures that would become hallmarks of the later dance.
The Birth of the Can-Can: Montmartre and the Rise of Popular Entertainment
The can-can as we know it began to take shape in the dance halls and cabarets of Montmartre, a district of Paris known for its bohemian atmosphere and lively nightlife. Venues like the Moulin Rouge and the Divan Japonais became synonymous with the can-can, providing a stage for talented dancers to showcase their skills and push the boundaries of social acceptability. These were places where the lines between social classes blurred, and people from all walks of life came to enjoy the spectacle.
The Stars of the Can-Can: La Goulue, Jane Avril, and the Legends of the Stage
The can-can’s popularity was also driven by the emergence of iconic dancers who became stars in their own right. La Goulue, known for her insatiable appetite for life and her daring performances, was one of the earliest and most celebrated can-can dancers. Jane Avril, with her elegant and enigmatic style, became another prominent figure, immortalized in Toulouse-Lautrec’s famous posters. These dancers, and many others, helped to elevate the can-can from a simple form of entertainment to a captivating performance art.
The Social Context: A Dance of Rebellion and Freedom
The can-can’s rise to popularity coincided with a period of significant social and political change in France. The dance represented a break from traditional social norms, offering a space for women to express themselves and challenge societal expectations. The can-can’s provocative movements and flamboyant costumes were seen as a form of rebellion against the conservative values of the time. It was a dance that celebrated freedom, individuality, and the joy of life.
The Can-Can’s Enduring Legacy: From Paris to the World
The can-can’s impact extends far beyond the dance halls of 19th-century Paris. It has become a globally recognized symbol of French culture and a staple of popular entertainment.
The Can-Can in Art and Literature: Capturing the Spirit of the Dance
The can-can has inspired countless artists and writers over the years. Toulouse-Lautrec’s iconic posters captured the energy and excitement of the dance, immortalizing the performers and the atmosphere of the Moulin Rouge. The can-can has also been featured in numerous films, plays, and novels, solidifying its place in popular culture. These artistic representations have helped to perpetuate the dance’s image and its association with Parisian nightlife.
The Can-Can Today: A Timeless Performance Art
Today, the can-can continues to be performed around the world, both in traditional cabaret settings and in more contemporary interpretations. The dance’s energy, athleticism, and flamboyant style continue to captivate audiences, ensuring its enduring appeal. The can-can remains a vibrant and dynamic art form, constantly evolving while still retaining its historical roots. It is a testament to the power of dance to transcend time and culture.
Key Figures in Can-Can History
| Name | Significance |
|---|---|
| La Goulue | One of the most famous and earliest can-can dancers. |
| Jane Avril | Renowned dancer immortalized in Toulouse-Lautrec’s posters. |
| Toulouse-Lautrec | Artist whose posters popularized the can-can. |
In conclusion, the origins of the name “can-can” are complex and multifaceted, reflecting the dance’s own evolution and cultural context. While the definitive answer may remain elusive, exploring the various theories and historical influences provides a fascinating glimpse into the world of 19th-century Parisian entertainment and the enduring legacy of this iconic dance. Whether it’s linked to “scandale,” “faire du cancan,” or another source, the name itself has become synonymous with the high-kicking energy and rebellious spirit that defines the can-can. It is a name that evokes images of frilly skirts, lively music, and the unforgettable atmosphere of the Moulin Rouge.
What are the most popular theories about the origin of the name “Can-Can”?
One popular theory suggests the name “Can-Can” comes from the French word “canard,” meaning “duck.” This theory links to the dance’s movements, particularly the high kicks and waddling motions some performers might have incorporated, resembling a duck. Another plausible theory connects “Can-Can” to the term “cahot,” referring to a jolting or uneven movement. Early versions of the dance involved energetic leaps and kicks, possibly causing a bumpy or “cahot”-like effect, which could have led to the dance adopting the name.
A third theory links the name to “canne,” meaning “cane” or “stick.” While canes aren’t typically used in the dance itself, they were often carried by men in the dance halls and cabarets where the Can-Can originated. Their presence might have led to an association, though this theory is less widely accepted. Ultimately, the exact etymology remains debated, with each theory offering a possible, albeit unconfirmed, explanation.
Where did the Can-Can dance originate, and what was its original context?
The Can-Can dance originated in the working-class districts of Paris in the 1830s and 1840s. It evolved from a combination of popular social dances like the galop and quadrille. Initially, it was not a performance but a spontaneous expression of joy and energy among working-class men and women, often occurring in public dance halls and informal settings. These early iterations were far less structured and elaborate than the choreographed spectacle it would later become.
The Can-Can quickly gained popularity and moved from the streets into the more established dance halls and cabarets of Paris, most notably the Moulin Rouge. In these venues, the dance became more professionalized and theatrical. As it shifted to a stage performance, it became associated with a more risqué and rebellious image, captivating audiences with its high kicks, daring costumes, and suggestive gestures. This transition transformed it from a free-spirited social dance to a carefully crafted and titillating form of entertainment.
How did the Can-Can become associated with Parisian cabarets like the Moulin Rouge?
The Moulin Rouge, opening in 1889, played a crucial role in popularizing the Can-Can and solidifying its association with Parisian nightlife. The cabaret embraced the dance as a central attraction, showcasing elaborately choreographed performances that pushed the boundaries of entertainment. The Moulin Rouge offered a stage where the Can-Can could be refined, amplified, and presented as a symbol of Parisian exuberance and freedom.
Other Parisian cabarets, such as the Folies Bergère, also adopted the Can-Can. These establishments provided the dancers with more structured environments and opportunities to develop their skills, turning them into stars. The combination of lively music, extravagant costumes, and the dance’s inherently provocative nature made it a sensation, drawing tourists and locals alike to experience the thrill of Parisian cabaret culture.
What is the significance of the Can-Can dance in French culture and history?
The Can-Can is significant as a symbol of Parisian and French cultural identity, embodying a spirit of freedom, exuberance, and playful rebellion. It reflects a period of social change and artistic experimentation in 19th-century France. Its evolution from a working-class dance to a celebrated spectacle reflects the dynamism and ever-shifting nature of Parisian culture. The dance allowed for a subversion of societal norms, providing an outlet for expression and challenging traditional notions of femininity.
The Can-Can’s historical importance extends beyond its entertainment value. It represents a moment when popular culture and high art intersected, influencing music, fashion, and visual arts. Artists such as Toulouse-Lautrec immortalized the Can-Can dancers in their paintings, further cementing its place in art history. Today, the Can-Can continues to be performed and celebrated, representing a vibrant legacy of Parisian creativity and its enduring appeal to audiences worldwide.
What are some of the signature moves and characteristics of the Can-Can dance?
The Can-Can is characterized by its high energy, athleticism, and provocative choreography. A signature move is the “battement,” a high kick where dancers lift their legs straight up, often revealing frilly petticoats. Other iconic movements include the “rond de jambe,” where the leg makes a circular motion, and the “grand écart,” a split performed in mid-air or on the ground. The overall impression is one of dynamic movement and audacious display.
Beyond the individual movements, the Can-Can is defined by its coordinated formations and playful interactions between dancers. Group routines often involve lines of dancers executing synchronized kicks and leaps. The choreography typically incorporates elements of humor and flirtation, making it a captivating and visually stimulating performance. The dance’s fast tempo and demanding physicality make it a test of skill and stamina for the performers.
How has the Can-Can dance evolved since its origins in the 19th century?
Since its origins, the Can-Can has evolved from a spontaneous social dance to a highly choreographed and professionalized performance. Early versions were likely more improvisational and less structured, allowing for greater individual expression. As the dance moved into cabarets and theaters, it underwent significant changes in terms of choreography, costuming, and overall presentation, becoming a more polished and refined form of entertainment.
Modern Can-Can performances often incorporate elements from other dance styles, such as jazz and ballet, reflecting the evolving tastes of audiences and the creative interpretations of choreographers. While maintaining its signature moves and high-energy spirit, the dance has adapted to contemporary sensibilities. Despite these changes, the Can-Can retains its historical significance and continues to be celebrated as a quintessential expression of Parisian culture and artistry.
Who were some of the most famous Can-Can dancers, and what made them so renowned?
One of the most famous Can-Can dancers was Jane Avril, known for her elegant and distinctive style. Celebrated for her grace and refinement, Avril was immortalized in Toulouse-Lautrec’s paintings and posters. Her performances captivated audiences with their blend of technique and personal expression. Another prominent figure was La Goulue, whose real name was Louise Weber. La Goulue was a dynamic performer known for her bold personality and flamboyant style, becoming an iconic figure of the Moulin Rouge.
Other renowned dancers included Yvette Guilbert, famed for her singing and storytelling abilities, which added another layer to her stage presence, and Nini Patte-en-l’air, celebrated for her athleticism and impressive kicks. These dancers became celebrities in their own right, their names and images synonymous with the excitement and allure of Parisian cabaret culture. Their individual talents and contributions helped solidify the Can-Can’s legacy as a vibrant and unforgettable dance form.